Topic: Baldwin Baby Grand Digital Piano (Read 3305 times) pilotscrappy PS Silver Member Newbie Offline. Piano is a Baldwin Pianoville GPS 2600 has ability to record has microphone inputs, and has lots of cool features. View and Download Baldwin Piano & Organ Company PS1500 owner's manual online. Baldwin Stereo Amplifier Owner's Manual. The 2600 series was the last of the Baldwin digital pianos (after major financial problems, the remains of Baldwin was purchased by Gibson Guitars who dropped the idea of offering digital pianos). The Pianovelle line was actually manufactured by Generalmusic in Italy.

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Contents. History Predecessors Harmonium The immediate predecessor of the electronic organ was the, or, an instrument that was very popular in homes and small churches in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In a fashion not totally unlike that of pipe organs, reed organs generated sound by forcing air over a set of reeds by means of a bellows, usually operated by constantly pumping a set of pedals. While reed organs had limited tonal quality, they were small, inexpensive, self-powered, and self-contained. The reed organ was thus able to bring an organlike sound to venues that were incapable of housing or affording pipe organs. This concept was to play an important role in the development of the electric organ.

Pipe organ In the 1930s, several manufacturers developed electronic organs designed to imitate the function and sound of pipe organs. At the time, some manufacturers thought that emulation of the pipe organ was the most promising route to take in the development of an electronic organ.

Not all agreed, however. Various types of electronic organs have been brought to market over the years, with some establishing solid reputations in their own niche markets. Early electric organs (1897–1930s).

Console by, 1897. Electricity arrived on the organ scene in the first decades of the 20th century, but it was slow to have a major impact. Electrically powered reed organs appeared during the first decades of electricity, but their tonal qualities remained much the same as the older, foot-pumped models. 's gargantuan and controversial instrument, the, which began piping music to New York City establishments over the telephone system in 1897, predated the advent of, yet was the first instrument to demonstrate the use of the combination of many different pure electrical to synthesize real-world instrument sounds. Cahill's techniques were later used by in his organ design, and the 200-ton Telharmonium served as the world's first demonstration of electrically produced music on a grand scale. Meanwhile, some further experimentation with producing sound by electric impulses was taking place, especially in France. Tonewheel organs (1930s–1975).

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See also: and After the failure of the Telharmonium business, similar designs called organs were continuously developed; For example:. by Morse Robb (Canada) — developed since c.1923, marketed 1936–1941. Rangertone by Richard Ranger (United States) — marketed c.1932.

by and John M. Hanert (United States) — invented in 1934, marketed 1935 –1975 (as the tonewheel organs). by Edwin, et al. (Germany) — -tonewheel organ, marketed 1935–1940s One of the earlier electric tonewheel organs was conceived and manufactured by Morse Robb, of the Robb Wave Organ Company. Built in Belleville, Ontario, the Robb Wave Organ predates its much more successful competitor by patent and manufacture, but shut down its operations in 1938 due to lack of funding. The first widespread success in this field was a product of the Hammond Corporation in 1934. The quickly became the successor of the reed organ, displacing it almost completely.

From the start, tonewheel organs operated on a radically different principle from all previous organs. In place of reeds and pipes, Robb and Hammond introduced a set of rapidly spinning magnetic wheels, called, which excited that generated electrical signals of various frequencies that were mixed and fed through an to a. The organ was electrically powered, replacing the reed organ's twin bellows pedals with a single more like that of a pipe organ. Instead of having to pump at a constant rate, as had been the case with the reed organ, the organist simply varied the position of this pedal to change the volume as desired.

Unlike reed organs, this gave great control over the music's dynamic range, while at the same time freeing one or both of the player's feet to play on a, which, unlike most reed organs, electronic organs incorporated. From the beginning, the electronic organ had a second, also rare among reed organs. While these features meant that the electric organ required greater musical skills of the organist than the reed organ had, the second manual and the pedalboard along with the expression pedal greatly enhanced playing, far surpassing the capabilities of the typical reed organ. The most revolutionary difference in the Hammond, however, was its huge number of tonewheel settings, achieved by manipulating a system of located near the manuals. By using the drawbars, the organist could combine a variety of electrical tones and in varying proportions, thus giving the Hammond vast 'registration.' In all, the Hammond was capable of producing more than 250 million tones.

This feature, combined with the three-keyboard layout (i.e., manuals and pedalboard), the freedom of electrical power, and a wide, easily controllable range of volume made the first electronic organs more flexible than any reed organ, or indeed any previous musical instrument except, perhaps, the pipe organ itself. The classic Hammond sound benefitted from the use of free-standing loudspeakers called 'tone cabinets' that produced a higher-quality sound than small built-in speakers. The sound was often further enhanced by rotating speaker units, usually manufactured. The Hammond organ was widely adopted in popular genres such as, and. It was utilized by bands such as, and, among others.

Occasionally the legs would be cut off these instruments to make them easier to transport from show to show. The most-popular and most-emulated organ in the Hammond line is the iconic B3. Although portable ' started to synthesize and displace the original Hammond tonewheel design in the 1970s, it is still very much in demand by professional organists. The industry continues to see a lively trade in refurbished Hammond instruments, even as technological advances allow new organs to perform at levels unimaginable only two or three decades ago. & Tone Cabinet (1935) In the wake of Hammond's 1934 invention of the tonewheel organ, competitors explored other possibilities of electric/electronic organ design. Other than the variations of tonewheel organ design, for example, a purely electronic interpretation of the pipe organ (based on ' design) seemed a promising approach. However, it required a huge number of oscillators, and these circuit scales and complexities were considered a technical bottleneck, as circuits of those days were bulky and unstable.

Realized that a hybrid approach, using acoustic tone generators along with electronic circuits, could be a reasonable design for commercial products. The Orgatron was originally developed in 1934 by Frederick Albert Hoschke, after a Miessner patent. A fan blew air over a set of, causing them to vibrate. These vibrations were detected by a number of, then the resulting electric signals were processed and amplified to create musical tones. Orgatron was manufactured by from 1935 to 1941.

Following World War II and a business transfer, production resumed in 1945 by the and continued into the early 1960s, including some models retaining the Everett name from 1945 to 1947. Independently in Japan, a engineer, Mr.

Yamashita, invented the in 1935. It was a multi-timbral keyboard instrument based on electrically blown with, similar to the electrostatic reed organ developed by Hoschke a year earlier. (1939) On the other hand, the Hammond (1939) and other competitors selected ' design using various combinations of, and possibly, to reduce the huge amount of oscillators which was the bottleneck on 'additive synthesis' design.

The heat generated by early models with vacuum tube tone generators and amplifiers led to the somewhat derogatory nickname 'toaster'. Today's solid-state instruments do not suffer from this problem, nor do they require the several minutes that vacuum tube organs needed to bring the filament heaters up to temperature. Schematics of Frequency divider organ using transformer-divider (In French) Early electronic organ products released in the 1930s and 1940s were already implemented on frequency divider technology using vacuum tubes or transformer-dividers. With the development of the, electronic organs that used no mechanical parts to generate the waveforms became practical.

The first of these was the frequency divider organ, the first of which used twelve to produce one octave of chromatic scale, and to produce other notes. These were even cheaper and more portable than the Hammond. Later developments made it possible to run an organ from a single oscillator. Frequency divider organs were built by many companies, and were offered in kit form to be built by hobbyists. A few of these have seen notable use, such as the played. Its electronic design made the Lowrey easily equipped with a pitch bend feature that is unavailable for the Hammond, and Hudson built a musical style around its use. A typical modern console organ ( Sweelinck 35) Console organs, large and expensive electronic organ models, resembled pipe organ consoles.

These instruments had a more traditional configuration, including full-range manuals, a wider variety of stops, and a two-octave (or occasionally even a full 32-note) pedalboard easily playable by both feet in standard toe-and-heel fashion. (Console organs having 32-note pedalboards were sometimes known as 'concert organs.' ) Console models, like spinet and chord organs, had internal speakers mounted above the pedals. With their more traditional configuration, greater capabilities, and better performance compared to spinets, console organs were especially suitable for use in small churches, public performance, and even organ instruction. The home musician or student who first learned to play on a console model often found that she could later make the transition to a pipe organ in a church setting with relative ease.

College music departments made console organs available as practice instruments for students, and church musicians would not uncommonly have them at home. A full-featured home organ in 1981 ( ). (Hammond S-6 Chord Organ, 1950). (Wurlitzer Sideman, 1959).

Repeat percussion. Automatic.

(Hammond organ, etc.). Autochord (Hammond Piper, 1970) and even built-in. These features made it easier to play complete, layered ' arrangements, especially for people who had not trained as organists.

The line of home organs is the epitome of this type of instrument. While a few such instruments are still sold today, their popularity has waned greatly, and many of their functions have been incorporated into more modern and inexpensive. Spinet organ's pedalboard spanned only a single octave. Following World War II, most electronic home organs were built in a configuration usually called a spinet organ, which first appeared in 1949. These compact and relatively inexpensive instruments became the natural successors to. They were marketed as competitors of home and often aimed at would-be home organists who were already pianists (hence the name ', in the sense of a small upright piano).

The instrument's design reflected this concept: the spinet organ physically resembled a piano, and it presented simplified controls and functions that were both less expensive to produce and less intimidating to learn. One feature of the spinet was automatic chord generation; with many models, the organist could produce an entire chord to accompany the melody merely by playing the tonic note, i.e., a single key, on a special section of the manual. On spinet organs, the keyboards were typically at least an octave shorter than is normal for organs, with the upper manual (typically 44 notes, F3–C7 in ) omitting the bass, and the lower manual (typically F2–C6) omitting the treble. The manuals were usually offset, inviting but not requiring the new organist to dedicate the right hand to the upper manual and the left to the lower, rather than using both hands on a single manual. This seemed designed in part to encourage the pianist, who was accustomed to a single keyboard, to make use of both manuals. Stops on such instruments, relatively limited in number, were frequently named after orchestral instruments that they could, at best, only roughly approximate, and were often brightly colored (even more so than those of ). The spinet organ's loudspeakers, unlike the original Hammond models of the 1930s and 1940s, were housed within the main instrument (behind the kickboard), which saved even more space, although they produced a sound inferior to that of free-standing speakers.

The spinet organ's normally spanned only a single octave, was often incapable of playing more than one note at a time, and was effectively playable only with the left foot (and on some models only with the left toes). These limitations, combined with the shortened manuals, made the spinet organ all but useless for performing or practicing classical organ music; but at the same time, it allowed the novice home organist to explore the challenge and flexibility of simultaneously playing three keyboards (two hands and one foot). The expression pedal was located to the right and either partly or fully recessed within the kickboard, thus conveniently reachable only with the right foot. This arrangement spawned a style of casual organist who would naturally rest the right foot on the expression pedal the entire time, unlike classically trained organists or performers on the earlier Hammonds. This position, in turn, instinctively encouraged pumping of the expression pedal while playing, especially if already accustomed to using a piano's to shape the music. Expressive pumping added a strong dynamic element to home organ music that much classical literature and hymnody lacked, and would help influence a new generation of popular keyboard artists. Chord organs (1950–).

Main article: Shortly after the debut of the spinet, the ' appeared. This was an even simpler instrument designed for those who wanted to produce an organlike sound in the home without having to learn much organ (or even piano) playing technique.

The typical chord organ had only a single manual that was usually an octave shorter than its already-abbreviated spinet counterpart. It also possessed scaled-down registration and no pedalboard.

The left hand operated not a keyboard but an array of chord buttons adapted from those of an. The original Hammond chord organs in 1950 were electronic instruments using vacuum-tube technology. In 1958, introduced chord organs similar to an electrically blown reed organ or harmonium. Transistor organs (1957–). Early transistor organ Electronic organs before the mid-1950s had used which tended to be bulky and unstable.

This restricted attempts to extend features and spread their use into homes., invented at in 1947, went into practical production in the 1950s, and their small size and stability led to major changes in the production of electronics equipment, in what has been termed the 'transistor revolution'. In 1957, a home organ manufacturer, introduced the world's first transistor organ, Model B (Model 1100). Although it used transistors for tone generation, vacuum tubes were still used for amplification And in 1958, built the first fully solid-state transistorized organ for church, called Opus 1 (Model 38).

Other manufacturers followed. See also:, and By the 1960s, electronic organs were ubiquitous in all genres of popular music, from to (e.g., ) to the album.

In some cases, were used, while others featured very small all-electronic instruments, only slightly larger than a modern, called. (Various portable organs made by and were especially popular, and remain so among retro-minded rock combos.) The 1970s, 1980s and 1990s saw increasing specialization: both the and scenes continued to make heavy use of Hammonds, while various styles of began to take advantage of increasingly complex electronic keyboard instruments, as and then technology began to enter the mainstream. Synthesizer organs (1970s–). See also: introduced the world's first digital organ (and first digital commercial product) in 1971: the Allen Digital Computer Organ. This new technology was developed for use in home organs by (project leader Ralph Deutsch) and licensed to Allen, which began using it for church organs. Allen later sued Rockwell and Deutsch, and gained sole rights to the digital computer organ technology.

An 310 organ was prominently featured on 's albums (1977) and (1978). The Solina String Ensemble was used extensively by pop, rock, jazz and disco artists, including, and.

In 1980, Rodgers introduced the first church organs controlled by, partially based on research at the. The university's 'Bradford Computing Organ' has technological descendants in some European digital organs using synthesis technology today.

This style of instrument has also been popular with some classically trained concert organists preferring to avoid learning an unfamiliar pipe organ for every concert location, and wishing to perform in venues without pipe organs. Utilized a large Rodgers organ dubbed 'Black Beauty' during his Heavy Organ tour during the early 1970s. From 1977 until his death in 1980, he used a custom Allen electronic organ. Toured with a substantial Allen Organ in the USA and with an Allen in the UK.

Organist has toured with a custom Rodgers instrument named 'The King,' and has recently begun touring with a custom 5-manual digital organ. Modern digital organs (1980s–).

A modern digital combo organ using DSP technology ( 2). Electronic organs are still made for the home market, but they have been largely replaced by the digital keyboard or which is smaller and cheaper than typical electronic organs or traditional pianos. Modern digital organs offer features not found in traditional pipe organs, such as orchestral and percussion sounds, a choice of historical and, and advanced console aids. Digital organs incorporate real-time tone generation based on sampling or synthesis technologies, and may include, and connectivity for downloading music data and instructional materials to or storage.

While much more complex than their predecessors, their basic appearance makes them instantly recognizable. The best digital organs of the 2000s incorporate these technical features: DSP technology.

See also: and In 1990, Rodgers introduced -based digital church organs with technology which connected multiple (DSP) in parallel to generate pipe organ sound with imaging. Sounds in other digital organs are derived from DSPs in either a sampled or synthesis type generation system. Technologies use sounds recorded from various ranks of pipe organs. In systems, the wave shape is created by instead of using a sound sample. Both systems generate organ tones, sometimes in stereo in better systems, rather than simply playing recorded tones as a simple digital keyboard sampler might do. Marketed by, Wyvern, Copeman Hart, Cantor, and Van der Pole in Europe, synthesis organs may use circuitry purchased from, an English supply company. In the digital organ category, synthesis-based systems are rarely seen outside of Europe.

Digital sampling circuitry of the Model 370 organ, producing the equivalent of 73 ranks with 4 temperaments, built in 2015 Many digital organs use high-quality samples to produce an accurate sound. Sampled systems may have samples of organ pipe sound for each individual note, or may use only one or a few samples which are then frequency-shifted to generate the equivalent of a 61-note pipe rank. Some digital organs like Walker Technical and the very costly Marshall & Ogletree organs use longer samples for additional realism, rather than having to repeat shorter samples in their generation of sound. Sampling in 2000s-era organs is typically done with 24-bit or 32-bit resolution, at a higher rate than the 44.1 of audio having 16-bit resolution. Surround sound. Typical speaker array in a modern digital organ with high-power On most digital organs, several audio channels are used to create a more spacious sound.

Higher-quality digital organ builders use custom audio and speaker systems and may provide from 8 to 32 or more independent channels of audio, depending on the size of the organ and the budget for the instrument. With dedicated high-power for the lowest frequencies, digital organs can approach the physical sensation of a pipe organ. Pipe organ simulations To better simulate pipe organs, some digital organs emulate changes of pressure caused by the air pressure dropping slightly when many notes are sounding simultaneously, which changes the sound of all the pipes.

Digital organs may also incorporate simulated models of swell boxes which mimic the environmental effects on pipes, pipe chest valve release, and other pipe organ characteristics. These effects can be included in the sound of modern digital organs to create more realistic pipe organ tone. Digital pipe sound can include sampled or modeled room acoustics. Rodgers uses binaural and transaural processing to create real-time acoustic models, and Allen also uses room acoustics as part of the sound generation. In churches Pipe/Electronic hybrid organs (1930s–) Early combinations of electronic tone generators and pipe organs were developed in the 1930s. Custom electronic organ consoles occasionally replace aging pipe consoles, updating the electrical control system for the pipes as well as adding electronic voices to the organ. Even large pipe organs are often supplemented with electronic voices for the deepest bass tones that would otherwise require 16- to 32-foot pipes.

For hybrid organs that combine pipes and electronic sounds, pipes change their pitch with environmental changes, but electronic voices do not follow by default. The frequency of sound produced by an organ pipe depends on its geometry and the in the air within it. These change slightly with temperature and humidity, so the pitch of an organ pipe will change slightly as the environment changes. The pitch of the electronic portion of a hybrid instrument must be re-tuned as needed. The simplest method is a manual control that the organist can adjust, but some recent digital models can make such adjustments automatically. Electronic church organs (1939–) The first full electronic church organ was built in 1939 by Jerome Markowitz, founder of the, who had worked for years to perfect the replication of pipe organ sound through the use of oscillator circuitry based on radio tubes.

In 1958, built the first solid-state, transistorized church organ, its three-manual Opus 1. In contrast to circuitry with only a few independent pitch sources, quality electronic church organs have at least one oscillator per note and often additional sets to create a superior ensemble effect. For instance, Rodgers Opus 1 featured eight sets of transistorized pitch generators. Even today, digital organs use -based digital oscillators to create large numbers of independent pitch and tone sources to better simulate the effect of a large pipe organ. Digital church organs (1971–). 2006 'Rembrandt,' an example of a large digital organ Digital church organs are designed as pipe organ replacements or as digital to play existing pipes. They have largely displaced the pipe organ for churches that use an organ for musical accompaniment.

The differences in sound timbre between piped and digital instruments are debated, but modern digital organs are less expensive and much more space efficient. Digital organs are a viable alternative for churches that may have a pipe organ and can no longer afford to maintain it. Some pipe organs, on the other hand, might be playable without major rebuilding for many decades. However the high initial cost, and longer lead time to design, build, and 'voice' pipe organs has limited their production. Another reason that all-digital and pipe/digital hybrid organs now significantly outsell pipe organs is the dwindling number of pipe organ dealers.

Many churches are hundreds of miles from dealers capable of selling, installing and servicing pipe organs. Most new digital church organs synthesize sounds from recorded pipe, although some including model the pipe sound. Modelling the sound is done by a professional organ 'voicer', who finishes the organ in its location, much like the process of regulating and voicing a pipe organ.

These organs also use very high-quality custom-designed audio systems. The builders of both custom and factory digital church organs include the firms of, and. See also. References.